Merge remote-tracking branch 'origin/v1' into merging-from-v1

.travis.yml

@@ -1,35 +1,23 @@
 language: go
-
 sudo: false
+dist: trusty
+osx_image: xcode8.3
+go: 1.8.x
+
+os:
+- linux
+- osx
 
 cache:
   directories:
   - node_modules
 
-go:
-- 1.2.x
-- 1.3.x
-- 1.4.2
-- 1.5.x
-- 1.6.x
-- 1.7.x
-- master
-
-env: pip_install="pip install --user"
-
-matrix:
-  allow_failures:
-  - go: master
-  include:
-  - go: 1.6.x
-    os: osx
-    env: pip_install="sudo pip install"
-  - go: 1.7.x
-    os: osx
-    env: pip_install="sudo pip install"
-
 before_script:
-- $pip_install flake8
+- if [[ $(uname) == Darwin ]]; then
+    sudo pip install flake8;
+  else
+    pip install --user flake8;
+  fi
 - mkdir -p ${GOPATH%%:*}/src/gopkg.in/urfave
 - rm -rvf ${GOPATH%%:*}/src/gopkg.in/urfave/cli.v2
 - rm -rvf ${GOPATH%%:*}/pkg/*/gopkg.in/urfave/cli.v2.a

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -34,13 +34,70 @@
 
 ## [Unreleased] - (1.x series)
 ### Added
+
+### Changed
+
+### Removed
+
+### Fixed
+
+### Deprecated
+
+### Security
+
+## [1.19.1] - 2016-11-21
+### Fixed
+- Fixes regression introduced in 1.19.0 where using an `ActionFunc` as
+  the `Action` for a command would cause it to error rather than calling the
+  function. Should not have a affected declarative cases using `func(c
+  *cli.Context) err)`.
+- Shell completion now handles the case where the user specifies
+  `--generate-bash-completion` immediately after a flag that takes an argument.
+  Previously it call the application with `--generate-bash-completion` as the
+  flag value.
+
+## [1.19.0] - 2016-11-19
+### Added
+- `FlagsByName` was added to make it easy to sort flags (e.g. `sort.Sort(cli.FlagsByName(app.Flags))`)
+- A `Description` field was added to `App` for a more detailed description of
+  the application (similar to the existing `Description` field on `Command`)
 - Flag type code generation via `go generate`
 - Write to stderr and exit 1 if action returns non-nil error
 - Added support for TOML to the `altsrc` loader
+- `SkipArgReorder` was added to allow users to skip the argument reordering.
+  This is useful if you want to consider all "flags" after an argument as
+  arguments rather than flags (the default behavior of the stdlib `flag`
+  library). This is backported functionality from the [removal of the flag
+  reordering](https://github.com/urfave/cli/pull/398) in the unreleased version
+  2
+- For formatted errors (those implementing `ErrorFormatter`), the errors will
+  be formatted during output. Compatible with `pkg/errors`.
 
 ### Changed
 - Raise minimum tested/supported Go version to 1.2+
 
+### Fixed
+- Consider empty environment variables as set (previously environment variables
+  with the equivalent of `""` would be skipped rather than their value used).
+- Return an error if the value in a given environment variable cannot be parsed
+  as the flag type. Previously these errors were silently swallowed.
+- Print full error when an invalid flag is specified (which includes the invalid flag)
+- `App.Writer` defaults to `stdout` when `nil`
+- If no action is specified on a command or app, the help is now printed instead of `panic`ing
+- `App.Metadata` is initialized automatically now (previously was `nil` unless initialized)
+- Correctly show help message if `-h` is provided to a subcommand
+- `context.(Global)IsSet` now respects environment variables. Previously it
+  would return `false` if a flag was specified in the environment rather than
+  as an argument
+- Removed deprecation warnings to STDERR to avoid them leaking to the end-user
+- `altsrc`s import paths were updated to use `gopkg.in/urfave/cli.v1`. This
+  fixes issues that occurred when `gopkg.in/urfave/cli.v1` was imported as well
+  as `altsrc` where Go would complain that the types didn't match
+
+## [1.18.1] - 2016-08-28
+### Fixed
+- Removed deprecation warnings to STDERR to avoid them leaking to the end-user (backported)
+
 ## [1.18.0] - 2016-06-27
 ### Added
 - `./runtests` test runner with coverage tracking by default
@@ -59,6 +116,10 @@
 - No longer swallows `panic`s that occur within the `Action`s themselves when
   detecting the signature of the `Action` field
 
+## [1.17.1] - 2016-08-28
+### Fixed
+- Removed deprecation warnings to STDERR to avoid them leaking to the end-user
+
 ## [1.17.0] - 2016-05-09
 ### Added
 - Pluggable flag-level help text rendering via `cli.DefaultFlagStringFunc`
@@ -80,6 +141,10 @@
 - cleanups based on [Go Report Card
   feedback](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/urfave/cli)
 
+## [1.16.1] - 2016-08-28
+### Fixed
+- Removed deprecation warnings to STDERR to avoid them leaking to the end-user
+
 ## [1.16.0] - 2016-05-02
 ### Added
 - `Hidden` field on all flag struct types to omit from generated help text

README.md

@@ -461,13 +461,13 @@ error.
 
 Flags for the application and commands are shown in the order they are defined.
 However, it's possible to sort them from outside this library by using `FlagsByName`
-with `sort`.
+or `CommandsByName` with `sort`.
 
 For example this:
 
 <!-- {
   "args": ["&#45;&#45;help"],
-  "output": "Load configuration from FILE\n.*Language for the greeting.*"
+  "output": "add a task to the list\n.*complete a task on the list\n.*\n\n.*\n.*Load configuration from FILE\n.*Language for the greeting.*"
 } -->
 ``` go
 package main
@@ -494,7 +494,27 @@ func main() {
     },
   }
 
+  app.Commands = []cli.Command{
+    {
+      Name:    "complete",
+      Aliases: []string{"c"},
+      Usage:   "complete a task on the list",
+      Action:  func(c *cli.Context) error {
+        return nil
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      Name:    "add",
+      Aliases: []string{"a"},
+      Usage:   "add a task to the list",
+      Action:  func(c *cli.Context) error {
+        return nil
+      },
+    },
+  }
+
   sort.Sort(cli.FlagsByName(app.Flags))
+  sort.Sort(cli.CommandsByName(app.Commands))
 
   app.Run(os.Args)
 }
@@ -1001,16 +1021,13 @@ SUPPORT: support@awesometown.example.com
   cli.AppHelpTemplate = `NAME:
    {{.Name}} - {{.Usage}}
 USAGE:
-   {{.HelpName}} {{if .VisibleFlags}}[global options]{{end}}{{if .Commands}} command
+   {{.HelpName}} {{if .VisibleFlags}}[global options]{{end}}{{if .Commands}} command [command options]{{end}} {{if .ArgsUsage}}{{.ArgsUsage}}{{else}}[arguments...]{{end}}
-[command options]{{end}} {{if
-.ArgsUsage}}{{.ArgsUsage}}{{else}}[arguments...]{{end}}
    {{if len .Authors}}
-AUTHOR(S):
+AUTHOR:
    {{range .Authors}}{{ . }}{{end}}
    {{end}}{{if .Commands}}
 COMMANDS:
-{{range .Commands}}{{if not .HideHelp}}   {{join .Names ", "}}{{ "\t"
+{{range .Commands}}{{if not .HideHelp}}   {{join .Names ", "}}{{ "\t"}}{{.Usage}}{{ "\n" }}{{end}}{{end}}{{end}}{{if .VisibleFlags}}
-}}{{.Usage}}{{ "\n" }}{{end}}{{end}}{{end}}{{if .VisibleFlags}}
 GLOBAL OPTIONS:
    {{range .VisibleFlags}}{{.}}
    {{end}}{{end}}{{if .Copyright }}

altsrc/flag.go

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ package altsrc
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"os"
 	"strconv"
+	"syscall"
 
 	"gopkg.in/urfave/cli.v2"
 )
@@ -217,13 +217,11 @@ func (f *Float64Flag) ApplyInputSourceValue(context *cli.Context, isc InputSourc
 
 func isEnvVarSet(envVars []string) bool {
 	for _, envVar := range envVars {
-		if envVal := os.Getenv(envVar); envVal != "" {
+		if _, ok := syscall.Getenv(envVar); ok {
 			// TODO: Can't use this for bools as
 			// set means that it was true or false based on
 			// Bool flag type, should work for other types
-			if len(envVal) > 0 {
+			return true
-				return true
-			}
 		}
 	}
 

altsrc/flag_generated.go

@@ -27,6 +27,13 @@ func (f *BoolFlag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 	f.BoolFlag.Apply(set)
 }
 
+// ApplyWithError saves the flagSet for later usage calls, then calls the
+// wrapped BoolFlag.ApplyWithError
+func (f *BoolFlag) ApplyWithError(set *flag.FlagSet) error {
+	f.set = set
+	return f.BoolFlag.ApplyWithError(set)
+}
+
 // DurationFlag is the flag type that wraps cli.DurationFlag to allow
 // for other values to be specified
 type DurationFlag struct {
@@ -46,6 +53,13 @@ func (f *DurationFlag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 	f.DurationFlag.Apply(set)
 }
 
+// ApplyWithError saves the flagSet for later usage calls, then calls the
+// wrapped DurationFlag.ApplyWithError
+func (f *DurationFlag) ApplyWithError(set *flag.FlagSet) error {
+	f.set = set
+	return f.DurationFlag.ApplyWithError(set)
+}
+
 // Float64Flag is the flag type that wraps cli.Float64Flag to allow
 // for other values to be specified
 type Float64Flag struct {
@@ -65,6 +79,13 @@ func (f *Float64Flag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 	f.Float64Flag.Apply(set)
 }
 
+// ApplyWithError saves the flagSet for later usage calls, then calls the
+// wrapped Float64Flag.ApplyWithError
+func (f *Float64Flag) ApplyWithError(set *flag.FlagSet) error {
+	f.set = set
+	return f.Float64Flag.ApplyWithError(set)
+}
+
 // GenericFlag is the flag type that wraps cli.GenericFlag to allow
 // for other values to be specified
 type GenericFlag struct {
@@ -84,6 +105,13 @@ func (f *GenericFlag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 	f.GenericFlag.Apply(set)
 }
 
+// ApplyWithError saves the flagSet for later usage calls, then calls the
+// wrapped GenericFlag.ApplyWithError
+func (f *GenericFlag) ApplyWithError(set *flag.FlagSet) error {
+	f.set = set
+	return f.GenericFlag.ApplyWithError(set)
+}
+
 // Int64Flag is the flag type that wraps cli.Int64Flag to allow
 // for other values to be specified
 type Int64Flag struct {
@@ -103,6 +131,13 @@ func (f *Int64Flag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 	f.Int64Flag.Apply(set)
 }
 
+// ApplyWithError saves the flagSet for later usage calls, then calls the
+// wrapped Int64Flag.ApplyWithError
+func (f *Int64Flag) ApplyWithError(set *flag.FlagSet) error {
+	f.set = set
+	return f.Int64Flag.ApplyWithError(set)
+}
+
 // IntFlag is the flag type that wraps cli.IntFlag to allow
 // for other values to be specified
 type IntFlag struct {
@@ -122,6 +157,13 @@ func (f *IntFlag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 	f.IntFlag.Apply(set)
 }
 
+// ApplyWithError saves the flagSet for later usage calls, then calls the
+// wrapped IntFlag.ApplyWithError
+func (f *IntFlag) ApplyWithError(set *flag.FlagSet) error {
+	f.set = set
+	return f.IntFlag.ApplyWithError(set)
+}
+
 // IntSliceFlag is the flag type that wraps cli.IntSliceFlag to allow
 // for other values to be specified
 type IntSliceFlag struct {
@@ -141,6 +183,13 @@ func (f *IntSliceFlag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 	f.IntSliceFlag.Apply(set)
 }
 
+// ApplyWithError saves the flagSet for later usage calls, then calls the
+// wrapped IntSliceFlag.ApplyWithError
+func (f *IntSliceFlag) ApplyWithError(set *flag.FlagSet) error {
+	f.set = set
+	return f.IntSliceFlag.ApplyWithError(set)
+}
+
 // Int64SliceFlag is the flag type that wraps cli.Int64SliceFlag to allow
 // for other values to be specified
 type Int64SliceFlag struct {
@@ -160,6 +209,13 @@ func (f *Int64SliceFlag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 	f.Int64SliceFlag.Apply(set)
 }
 
+// ApplyWithError saves the flagSet for later usage calls, then calls the
+// wrapped Int64SliceFlag.ApplyWithError
+func (f *Int64SliceFlag) ApplyWithError(set *flag.FlagSet) error {
+	f.set = set
+	return f.Int64SliceFlag.ApplyWithError(set)
+}
+
 // Float64SliceFlag is the flag type that wraps cli.Float64SliceFlag to allow
 // for other values to be specified
 type Float64SliceFlag struct {
@@ -179,6 +235,13 @@ func (f *Float64SliceFlag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 	f.Float64SliceFlag.Apply(set)
 }
 
+// ApplyWithError saves the flagSet for later usage calls, then calls the
+// wrapped Float64SliceFlag.ApplyWithError
+func (f *Float64SliceFlag) ApplyWithError(set *flag.FlagSet) error {
+	f.set = set
+	return f.Float64SliceFlag.ApplyWithError(set)
+}
+
 // StringFlag is the flag type that wraps cli.StringFlag to allow
 // for other values to be specified
 type StringFlag struct {
@@ -198,6 +261,13 @@ func (f *StringFlag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 	f.StringFlag.Apply(set)
 }
 
+// ApplyWithError saves the flagSet for later usage calls, then calls the
+// wrapped StringFlag.ApplyWithError
+func (f *StringFlag) ApplyWithError(set *flag.FlagSet) error {
+	f.set = set
+	return f.StringFlag.ApplyWithError(set)
+}
+
 // StringSliceFlag is the flag type that wraps cli.StringSliceFlag to allow
 // for other values to be specified
 type StringSliceFlag struct {
@@ -217,6 +287,13 @@ func (f *StringSliceFlag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 	f.StringSliceFlag.Apply(set)
 }
 
+// ApplyWithError saves the flagSet for later usage calls, then calls the
+// wrapped StringSliceFlag.ApplyWithError
+func (f *StringSliceFlag) ApplyWithError(set *flag.FlagSet) error {
+	f.set = set
+	return f.StringSliceFlag.ApplyWithError(set)
+}
+
 // Uint64Flag is the flag type that wraps cli.Uint64Flag to allow
 // for other values to be specified
 type Uint64Flag struct {
@@ -236,6 +313,13 @@ func (f *Uint64Flag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 	f.Uint64Flag.Apply(set)
 }
 
+// ApplyWithError saves the flagSet for later usage calls, then calls the
+// wrapped Uint64Flag.ApplyWithError
+func (f *Uint64Flag) ApplyWithError(set *flag.FlagSet) error {
+	f.set = set
+	return f.Uint64Flag.ApplyWithError(set)
+}
+
 // UintFlag is the flag type that wraps cli.UintFlag to allow
 // for other values to be specified
 type UintFlag struct {
@@ -254,3 +338,10 @@ func (f *UintFlag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 	f.set = set
 	f.UintFlag.Apply(set)
 }
+
+// ApplyWithError saves the flagSet for later usage calls, then calls the
+// wrapped UintFlag.ApplyWithError
+func (f *UintFlag) ApplyWithError(set *flag.FlagSet) error {
+	f.set = set
+	return f.UintFlag.ApplyWithError(set)
+}

altsrc/flag_test.go

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ func TestStringSliceApplyInputSourceValue(t *testing.T) {
 	c := runTest(t, testApplyInputSource{
 		Flag:     NewStringSliceFlag(&cli.StringSliceFlag{Name: "test"}),
 		FlagName: "test",
-		MapValue: []string{"hello", "world"},
+		MapValue: []interface{}{"hello", "world"},
 	})
 	expect(t, c.StringSlice("test"), []string{"hello", "world"})
 }
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ func TestStringSliceApplyInputSourceMethodContextSet(t *testing.T) {
 	c := runTest(t, testApplyInputSource{
 		Flag:               NewStringSliceFlag(&cli.StringSliceFlag{Name: "test"}),
 		FlagName:           "test",
-		MapValue:           []string{"hello", "world"},
+		MapValue:           []interface{}{"hello", "world"},
 		ContextValueString: "ohno",
 	})
 	expect(t, c.StringSlice("test"), []string{"ohno"})
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ func TestStringSliceApplyInputSourceMethodEnvVarSet(t *testing.T) {
 	c := runTest(t, testApplyInputSource{
 		Flag:        NewStringSliceFlag(&cli.StringSliceFlag{Name: "test", EnvVars: []string{"TEST"}}),
 		FlagName:    "test",
-		MapValue:    []string{"hello", "world"},
+		MapValue:    []interface{}{"hello", "world"},
 		EnvVarName:  "TEST",
 		EnvVarValue: "oh,no",
 	})
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ func TestIntSliceApplyInputSourceValue(t *testing.T) {
 	c := runTest(t, testApplyInputSource{
 		Flag:     NewIntSliceFlag(&cli.IntSliceFlag{Name: "test"}),
 		FlagName: "test",
-		MapValue: []int{1, 2},
+		MapValue: []interface{}{1, 2},
 	})
 	expect(t, c.IntSlice("test"), []int{1, 2})
 }
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ func TestIntSliceApplyInputSourceMethodContextSet(t *testing.T) {
 	c := runTest(t, testApplyInputSource{
 		Flag:               NewIntSliceFlag(&cli.IntSliceFlag{Name: "test"}),
 		FlagName:           "test",
-		MapValue:           []int{1, 2},
+		MapValue:           []interface{}{1, 2},
 		ContextValueString: "3",
 	})
 	expect(t, c.IntSlice("test"), []int{3})
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ func TestIntSliceApplyInputSourceMethodEnvVarSet(t *testing.T) {
 	c := runTest(t, testApplyInputSource{
 		Flag:        NewIntSliceFlag(&cli.IntSliceFlag{Name: "test", EnvVars: []string{"TEST"}}),
 		FlagName:    "test",
-		MapValue:    []int{1, 2},
+		MapValue:    []interface{}{1, 2},
 		EnvVarName:  "TEST",
 		EnvVarValue: "3,4",
 	})

altsrc/map_input_source.go

@@ -130,45 +130,59 @@ func (fsm *MapInputSource) String(name string) (string, error) {
 // StringSlice returns an []string from the map if it exists otherwise returns nil
 func (fsm *MapInputSource) StringSlice(name string) ([]string, error) {
 	otherGenericValue, exists := fsm.valueMap[name]
-	if exists {
+	if !exists {
-		otherValue, isType := otherGenericValue.([]string)
+		otherGenericValue, exists = nestedVal(name, fsm.valueMap)
-		if !isType {
+		if !exists {
-			return nil, incorrectTypeForFlagError(name, "[]string", otherGenericValue)
+			return nil, nil
 		}
-		return otherValue, nil
-	}
-	nestedGenericValue, exists := nestedVal(name, fsm.valueMap)
-	if exists {
-		otherValue, isType := nestedGenericValue.([]string)
-		if !isType {
-			return nil, incorrectTypeForFlagError(name, "[]string", nestedGenericValue)
-		}
-		return otherValue, nil
 	}
 
-	return nil, nil
+	otherValue, isType := otherGenericValue.([]interface{})
+	if !isType {
+		return nil, incorrectTypeForFlagError(name, "[]interface{}", otherGenericValue)
+	}
+
+	var stringSlice = make([]string, 0, len(otherValue))
+	for i, v := range otherValue {
+		stringValue, isType := v.(string)
+
+		if !isType {
+			return nil, incorrectTypeForFlagError(fmt.Sprintf("%s[%d]", name, i), "string", v)
+		}
+
+		stringSlice = append(stringSlice, stringValue)
+	}
+
+	return stringSlice, nil
 }
 
 // IntSlice returns an []int from the map if it exists otherwise returns nil
 func (fsm *MapInputSource) IntSlice(name string) ([]int, error) {
 	otherGenericValue, exists := fsm.valueMap[name]
-	if exists {
+	if !exists {
-		otherValue, isType := otherGenericValue.([]int)
+		otherGenericValue, exists = nestedVal(name, fsm.valueMap)
-		if !isType {
+		if !exists {
-			return nil, incorrectTypeForFlagError(name, "[]int", otherGenericValue)
+			return nil, nil
 		}
-		return otherValue, nil
-	}
-	nestedGenericValue, exists := nestedVal(name, fsm.valueMap)
-	if exists {
-		otherValue, isType := nestedGenericValue.([]int)
-		if !isType {
-			return nil, incorrectTypeForFlagError(name, "[]int", nestedGenericValue)
-		}
-		return otherValue, nil
 	}
 
-	return nil, nil
+	otherValue, isType := otherGenericValue.([]interface{})
+	if !isType {
+		return nil, incorrectTypeForFlagError(name, "[]interface{}", otherGenericValue)
+	}
+
+	var intSlice = make([]int, 0, len(otherValue))
+	for i, v := range otherValue {
+		intValue, isType := v.(int)
+
+		if !isType {
+			return nil, incorrectTypeForFlagError(fmt.Sprintf("%s[%d]", name, i), "int", v)
+		}
+
+		intSlice = append(intSlice, intValue)
+	}
+
+	return intSlice, nil
 }
 
 // Generic returns an cli.Generic from the map if it exists otherwise returns nil

altsrc/toml_file_loader.go

@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ func unmarshalMap(i interface{}) (ret map[interface{}]interface{}, err error) {
 			} else {
 				return nil, err
 			}
-		case reflect.Array:
+		case reflect.Array, reflect.Slice:
-			fallthrough // [todo] - Support array type
+			ret[key] = val.([]interface{})
 		default:
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Unsupported: type = %#v", v.Kind())
 		}

altsrc/yaml_file_loader.go

@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
 	"os"
+	"runtime"
+	"strings"
 
 	"gopkg.in/urfave/cli.v2"
 
@@ -78,6 +80,12 @@ func loadDataFrom(filePath string) ([]byte, error) {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Cannot read from file: '%s' because it does not exist.", filePath)
 		}
 		return ioutil.ReadFile(filePath)
+	} else if runtime.GOOS == "windows" && strings.Contains(u.String(), "\\") {
+		// on Windows systems u.Path is always empty, so we need to check the string directly.
+		if _, notFoundFileErr := os.Stat(filePath); notFoundFileErr != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Cannot read from file: '%s' because it does not exist.", filePath)
+		}
+		return ioutil.ReadFile(filePath)
 	} else {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to determine how to load from path %s", filePath)
 	}

app.go

@@ -65,6 +65,12 @@ type App struct {
 	ErrWriter io.Writer
 	// Other custom info
 	Metadata map[string]interface{}
+	// Carries a function which returns app specific info.
+	ExtraInfo func() map[string]string
+	// CustomAppHelpTemplate the text template for app help topic.
+	// cli.go uses text/template to render templates. You can
+	// render custom help text by setting this variable.
+	CustomAppHelpTemplate string
 
 	didSetup bool
 }
@@ -156,6 +162,10 @@ func (a *App) Setup() {
 	if a.Metadata == nil {
 		a.Metadata = make(map[string]interface{})
 	}
+
+	if a.Writer == nil {
+		a.Writer = os.Stdout
+	}
 }
 
 // Run is the entry point to the cli app. Parses the arguments slice and routes
@@ -163,8 +173,20 @@ func (a *App) Setup() {
 func (a *App) Run(arguments []string) (err error) {
 	a.Setup()
 
+	// handle the completion flag separately from the flagset since
+	// completion could be attempted after a flag, but before its value was put
+	// on the command line. this causes the flagset to interpret the completion
+	// flag name as the value of the flag before it which is undesirable
+	// note that we can only do this because the shell autocomplete function
+	// always appends the completion flag at the end of the command
+	shellComplete, arguments := checkShellCompleteFlag(a, arguments)
+
 	// parse flags
-	set := flagSet(a.Name, a.Flags)
+	set, err := flagSet(a.Name, a.Flags)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	set.SetOutput(ioutil.Discard)
 	err = set.Parse(arguments[1:])
 	nerr := normalizeFlags(a.Flags, set)
@@ -174,6 +196,7 @@ func (a *App) Run(arguments []string) (err error) {
 		ShowAppHelp(context)
 		return nerr
 	}
+	context.shellComplete = shellComplete
 
 	if checkCompletions(context) {
 		return nil
@@ -223,7 +246,6 @@ func (a *App) Run(arguments []string) (err error) {
 	if a.Before != nil {
 		beforeErr := a.Before(context)
 		if beforeErr != nil {
-			fmt.Fprintf(a.Writer, "%v\n\n", beforeErr)
 			ShowAppHelp(context)
 			HandleExitCoder(beforeErr)
 			err = beforeErr
@@ -240,6 +262,10 @@ func (a *App) Run(arguments []string) (err error) {
 		}
 	}
 
+	if a.Action == nil {
+		a.Action = helpCommand.Action
+	}
+
 	// Run default Action
 	err = a.Action(context)
 
@@ -278,7 +304,11 @@ func (a *App) RunAsSubcommand(ctx *Context) (err error) {
 	}
 
 	// parse flags
-	set := flagSet(a.Name, a.Flags)
+	set, err := flagSet(a.Name, a.Flags)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	set.SetOutput(ioutil.Discard)
 	err = set.Parse(ctx.Args().Tail())
 	nerr := normalizeFlags(a.Flags, set)

app_test.go

@@ -181,6 +181,49 @@ func ExampleApp_Run_commandHelp() {
 	//    This is how we describe describeit the function
 }
 
+func ExampleApp_Run_noAction() {
+	app := App{}
+	app.Name = "greet"
+	app.Run([]string{"greet"})
+	// Output:
+	// NAME:
+	//    greet
+	//
+	// USAGE:
+	//     [global options] command [command options] [arguments...]
+	//
+	// COMMANDS:
+	//      help, h  Shows a list of commands or help for one command
+	//
+	// GLOBAL OPTIONS:
+	//    --help, -h     show help
+	//    --version, -v  print the version
+}
+
+func ExampleApp_Run_subcommandNoAction() {
+	app := App{}
+	app.Name = "greet"
+	app.Commands = []Command{
+		{
+			Name:        "describeit",
+			Aliases:     []string{"d"},
+			Usage:       "use it to see a description",
+			Description: "This is how we describe describeit the function",
+		},
+	}
+	app.Run([]string{"greet", "describeit"})
+	// Output:
+	// NAME:
+	//     describeit - use it to see a description
+	//
+	// USAGE:
+	//     describeit [arguments...]
+	//
+	// DESCRIPTION:
+	//    This is how we describe describeit the function
+
+}
+
 func ExampleApp_Run_shellComplete() {
 	// set args for examples sake
 	os.Args = []string{"greet", "--generate-completion"}
@@ -262,6 +305,35 @@ func TestApp_Command(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestApp_Setup_defaultsWriter(t *testing.T) {
+	app := &App{}
+	app.Setup()
+	expect(t, app.Writer, os.Stdout)
+}
+
+func TestApp_CommandWithArgBeforeFlags(t *testing.T) {
+	var parsedOption, firstArg string
+
+	app := NewApp()
+	command := Command{
+		Name: "cmd",
+		Flags: []Flag{
+			StringFlag{Name: "option", Value: "", Usage: "some option"},
+		},
+		Action: func(c *Context) error {
+			parsedOption = c.String("option")
+			firstArg = c.Args().First()
+			return nil
+		},
+	}
+	app.Commands = []Command{command}
+
+	app.Run([]string{"", "cmd", "my-arg", "--option", "my-option"})
+
+	expect(t, parsedOption, "my-option")
+	expect(t, firstArg, "my-arg")
+}
+
 func TestApp_RunAsSubcommandParseFlags(t *testing.T) {
 	var context *Context
 
@@ -1485,3 +1557,224 @@ func TestApp_OnUsageError_WithWrongFlagValue_ForSubcommand(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("Expect an intercepted error, but got \"%v\"", err)
 	}
 }
+
+// A custom flag that conforms to the relevant interfaces, but has none of the
+// fields that the other flag types do.
+type customBoolFlag struct {
+	Nombre string
+}
+
+// Don't use the normal FlagStringer
+func (c *customBoolFlag) String() string {
+	return "***" + c.Nombre + "***"
+}
+
+func (c *customBoolFlag) GetName() string {
+	return c.Nombre
+}
+
+func (c *customBoolFlag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
+	set.String(c.Nombre, c.Nombre, "")
+}
+
+func TestCustomFlagsUnused(t *testing.T) {
+	app := NewApp()
+	app.Flags = []Flag{&customBoolFlag{"custom"}}
+
+	err := app.Run([]string{"foo"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Run returned unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCustomFlagsUsed(t *testing.T) {
+	app := NewApp()
+	app.Flags = []Flag{&customBoolFlag{"custom"}}
+
+	err := app.Run([]string{"foo", "--custom=bar"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Run returned unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCustomHelpVersionFlags(t *testing.T) {
+	app := NewApp()
+
+	// Be sure to reset the global flags
+	defer func(helpFlag Flag, versionFlag Flag) {
+		HelpFlag = helpFlag
+		VersionFlag = versionFlag
+	}(HelpFlag, VersionFlag)
+
+	HelpFlag = &customBoolFlag{"help-custom"}
+	VersionFlag = &customBoolFlag{"version-custom"}
+
+	err := app.Run([]string{"foo", "--help-custom=bar"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Run returned unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestHandleAction_WithNonFuncAction(t *testing.T) {
+	app := NewApp()
+	app.Action = 42
+	fs, err := flagSet(app.Name, app.Flags)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("error creating FlagSet: %s", err)
+	}
+	err = HandleAction(app.Action, NewContext(app, fs, nil))
+
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected to receive error from Run, got none")
+	}
+
+	exitErr, ok := err.(*ExitError)
+
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected to receive a *ExitError")
+	}
+
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(exitErr.Error(), "ERROR invalid Action type.") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected an unknown Action error, but got: %v", exitErr.Error())
+	}
+
+	if exitErr.ExitCode() != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected error exit code to be 2, but got: %v", exitErr.ExitCode())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestHandleAction_WithInvalidFuncSignature(t *testing.T) {
+	app := NewApp()
+	app.Action = func() string { return "" }
+	fs, err := flagSet(app.Name, app.Flags)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("error creating FlagSet: %s", err)
+	}
+	err = HandleAction(app.Action, NewContext(app, fs, nil))
+
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected to receive error from Run, got none")
+	}
+
+	exitErr, ok := err.(*ExitError)
+
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected to receive a *ExitError")
+	}
+
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(exitErr.Error(), "ERROR invalid Action type") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected an unknown Action error, but got: %v", exitErr.Error())
+	}
+
+	if exitErr.ExitCode() != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected error exit code to be 2, but got: %v", exitErr.ExitCode())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestHandleAction_WithInvalidFuncReturnSignature(t *testing.T) {
+	app := NewApp()
+	app.Action = func(_ *Context) (int, error) { return 0, nil }
+	fs, err := flagSet(app.Name, app.Flags)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("error creating FlagSet: %s", err)
+	}
+	err = HandleAction(app.Action, NewContext(app, fs, nil))
+
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected to receive error from Run, got none")
+	}
+
+	exitErr, ok := err.(*ExitError)
+
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected to receive a *ExitError")
+	}
+
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(exitErr.Error(), "ERROR invalid Action type") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected an invalid Action signature error, but got: %v", exitErr.Error())
+	}
+
+	if exitErr.ExitCode() != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected error exit code to be 2, but got: %v", exitErr.ExitCode())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestHandleAction_WithUnknownPanic(t *testing.T) {
+	defer func() { refute(t, recover(), nil) }()
+
+	var fn ActionFunc
+
+	app := NewApp()
+	app.Action = func(ctx *Context) error {
+		fn(ctx)
+		return nil
+	}
+	fs, err := flagSet(app.Name, app.Flags)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("error creating FlagSet: %s", err)
+	}
+	HandleAction(app.Action, NewContext(app, fs, nil))
+}
+
+func TestShellCompletionForIncompleteFlags(t *testing.T) {
+	app := NewApp()
+	app.Flags = []Flag{
+		IntFlag{
+			Name: "test-completion",
+		},
+	}
+	app.EnableBashCompletion = true
+	app.BashComplete = func(ctx *Context) {
+		for _, command := range ctx.App.Commands {
+			if command.Hidden {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			for _, name := range command.Names() {
+				fmt.Fprintln(ctx.App.Writer, name)
+			}
+		}
+
+		for _, flag := range ctx.App.Flags {
+			for _, name := range strings.Split(flag.GetName(), ",") {
+				if name == BashCompletionFlag.GetName() {
+					continue
+				}
+
+				switch name = strings.TrimSpace(name); len(name) {
+				case 0:
+				case 1:
+					fmt.Fprintln(ctx.App.Writer, "-"+name)
+				default:
+					fmt.Fprintln(ctx.App.Writer, "--"+name)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	app.Action = func(ctx *Context) error {
+		return fmt.Errorf("should not get here")
+	}
+	err := app.Run([]string{"", "--test-completion", "--" + BashCompletionFlag.GetName()})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("app should not return an error: %s", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestHandleActionActuallyWorksWithActions(t *testing.T) {
+	var f ActionFunc
+	called := false
+	f = func(c *Context) error {
+		called = true
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	err := HandleAction(f, nil)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Should not have errored: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if !called {
+		t.Errorf("Function was not called")
+	}
+}

appveyor.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 version: "{build}"
 
-os: Windows Server 2012 R2
+os: Windows Server 2016
+
+image: Visual Studio 2017
 
 clone_folder: c:\gopath\src\github.com\urfave\cli
 
@@ -9,9 +11,9 @@ cache:
 
 environment:
   GOPATH: C:\gopath
-  GOVERSION: 1.6
+  GOVERSION: 1.8.x
-  PYTHON: C:\Python27-x64
+  PYTHON: C:\Python36-x64
-  PYTHON_VERSION: 2.7.x
+  PYTHON_VERSION: 3.6.x
   PYTHON_ARCH: 64
 
 install:

autocomplete/bash_autocomplete

@@ -3,12 +3,14 @@
 : ${PROG:=$(basename ${BASH_SOURCE})}
 
 _cli_bash_autocomplete() {
-     local cur opts base
+    local cur opts base
-     COMPREPLY=()
+    COMPREPLY=()
-     cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
+    cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
-     opts=$( ${COMP_WORDS[@]:0:$COMP_CWORD} --generate-bash-completion )
+    opts=$( ${COMP_WORDS[@]:0:$COMP_CWORD} --generate-bash-completion )
-     COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
+    COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
-     return 0
+    return 0
- }
+}
-  
+
- complete -F _cli_bash_autocomplete $PROG
+complete -F _cli_bash_autocomplete $PROG
+
+unset PROG

cli.go

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 //			 Usage: "say a greeting",
 //			 Action: func(c *cli.Context) error {
 //				 println("Greetings")
+//         return nil
 //			 },
 //		 }
 //

command.go

@@ -49,6 +49,25 @@ type Command struct {
 	// Full name of command for help, defaults to full command name, including parent commands.
 	HelpName        string
 	commandNamePath []string
+
+	// CustomHelpTemplate the text template for the command help topic.
+	// cli.go uses text/template to render templates. You can
+	// render custom help text by setting this variable.
+	CustomHelpTemplate string
+}
+
+type CommandsByName []Command
+
+func (c CommandsByName) Len() int {
+	return len(c)
+}
+
+func (c CommandsByName) Less(i, j int) bool {
+	return c[i].Name < c[j].Name
+}
+
+func (c CommandsByName) Swap(i, j int) {
+	c[i], c[j] = c[j], c[i]
 }
 
 // FullName returns the full name of the command.
@@ -75,7 +94,10 @@ func (c *Command) Run(ctx *Context) (err error) {
 		c.appendFlag(GenerateCompletionFlag)
 	}
 
-	set := flagSet(c.Name, c.Flags)
+	set, err := flagSet(c.Name, c.Flags)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	set.SetOutput(ioutil.Discard)
 
 	if c.SkipFlagParsing {
@@ -84,18 +106,6 @@ func (c *Command) Run(ctx *Context) (err error) {
 		err = set.Parse(ctx.Args().Tail())
 	}
 
-	if err != nil {
-		if c.OnUsageError != nil {
-			err := c.OnUsageError(ctx, err, false)
-			HandleExitCoder(err)
-			return err
-		}
-		fmt.Fprintln(ctx.App.Writer, "Incorrect Usage:", err.Error())
-		fmt.Fprintln(ctx.App.Writer)
-		ShowCommandHelp(ctx, c.Name)
-		return err
-	}
-
 	nerr := normalizeFlags(c.Flags, set)
 	if nerr != nil {
 		fmt.Fprintln(ctx.App.Writer, nerr)
@@ -105,11 +115,23 @@ func (c *Command) Run(ctx *Context) (err error) {
 	}
 
 	context := NewContext(ctx.App, set, ctx)
-
+	context.Command = c
 	if checkCommandCompletions(context, c.Name) {
 		return nil
 	}
 
+	if err != nil {
+		if c.OnUsageError != nil {
+			err := c.OnUsageError(context, err, false)
+			HandleExitCoder(err)
+			return err
+		}
+		fmt.Fprintln(context.App.Writer, "Incorrect Usage:", err.Error())
+		fmt.Fprintln(context.App.Writer)
+		ShowCommandHelp(context, c.Name)
+		return err
+	}
+
 	if checkCommandHelp(context, c.Name) {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -131,9 +153,7 @@ func (c *Command) Run(ctx *Context) (err error) {
 	if c.Before != nil {
 		err = c.Before(context)
 		if err != nil {
-			fmt.Fprintln(ctx.App.Writer, err)
+			ShowCommandHelp(context, c.Name)
-			fmt.Fprintln(ctx.App.Writer)
-			ShowCommandHelp(ctx, c.Name)
 			HandleExitCoder(err)
 			return err
 		}
@@ -175,14 +195,13 @@ func (c *Command) startApp(ctx *Context) error {
 		app.HelpName = app.Name
 	}
 
-	if c.Description != "" {
+	app.Usage = c.Usage
-		app.Usage = c.Description
+	app.Description = c.Description
-	} else {
+	app.ArgsUsage = c.ArgsUsage
-		app.Usage = c.Usage
-	}
 
 	// set CommandNotFound
 	app.CommandNotFound = ctx.App.CommandNotFound
+	app.CustomAppHelpTemplate = c.CustomHelpTemplate
 
 	// set the flags and commands
 	app.Commands = c.Subcommands
@@ -193,6 +212,7 @@ func (c *Command) startApp(ctx *Context) error {
 	app.HideVersion = ctx.App.HideVersion
 	app.Compiled = ctx.App.Compiled
 	app.Writer = ctx.App.Writer
+	app.ErrWriter = ctx.App.ErrWriter
 
 	app.Categories = newCommandCategories()
 	for _, command := range c.Subcommands {
@@ -215,6 +235,7 @@ func (c *Command) startApp(ctx *Context) error {
 	} else {
 		app.Action = helpSubcommand.Action
 	}
+	app.OnUsageError = c.OnUsageError
 
 	for index, cc := range app.Commands {
 		app.Commands[index].commandNamePath = []string{c.Name, cc.Name}

command_test.go

@@ -123,6 +123,30 @@ func TestCommand_Run_BeforeSavesMetadata(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestCommand_OnUsageError_hasCommandContext(t *testing.T) {
+	app := NewApp()
+	app.Commands = []Command{
+		{
+			Name: "bar",
+			Flags: []Flag{
+				IntFlag{Name: "flag"},
+			},
+			OnUsageError: func(c *Context, err error, _ bool) error {
+				return fmt.Errorf("intercepted in %s: %s", c.Command.Name, err.Error())
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	err := app.Run([]string{"foo", "bar", "--flag=wrong"})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected to receive error from Run, got none")
+	}
+
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(err.Error(), "intercepted in bar") {
+		t.Errorf("Expect an intercepted error, but got \"%v\"", err)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestCommand_OnUsageError_WithWrongFlagValue(t *testing.T) {
 	app := &App{
 		Commands: []*Command{
@@ -150,3 +174,64 @@ func TestCommand_OnUsageError_WithWrongFlagValue(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("Expect an intercepted error, but got \"%v\"", err)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestCommand_OnUsageError_WithSubcommand(t *testing.T) {
+	app := NewApp()
+	app.Commands = []Command{
+		{
+			Name: "bar",
+			Subcommands: []Command{
+				{
+					Name: "baz",
+				},
+			},
+			Flags: []Flag{
+				IntFlag{Name: "flag"},
+			},
+			OnUsageError: func(c *Context, err error, _ bool) error {
+				if !strings.HasPrefix(err.Error(), "invalid value \"wrong\"") {
+					t.Errorf("Expect an invalid value error, but got \"%v\"", err)
+				}
+				return errors.New("intercepted: " + err.Error())
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	err := app.Run([]string{"foo", "bar", "--flag=wrong"})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected to receive error from Run, got none")
+	}
+
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(err.Error(), "intercepted: invalid value") {
+		t.Errorf("Expect an intercepted error, but got \"%v\"", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCommand_Run_SubcommandsCanUseErrWriter(t *testing.T) {
+	app := NewApp()
+	app.ErrWriter = ioutil.Discard
+	app.Commands = []Command{
+		{
+			Name:  "bar",
+			Usage: "this is for testing",
+			Subcommands: []Command{
+				{
+					Name:  "baz",
+					Usage: "this is for testing",
+					Action: func(c *Context) error {
+						if c.App.ErrWriter != ioutil.Discard {
+							return fmt.Errorf("ErrWriter not passed")
+						}
+
+						return nil
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	err := app.Run([]string{"foo", "bar", "baz"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}

context.go

@@ -13,8 +13,9 @@ import (
 // can be used to retrieve context-specific args and
 // parsed command-line options.
 type Context struct {
-	App     *App
+	App           *App
-	Command *Command
+	Command       *Command
+	shellComplete bool
 
 	flagSet       *flag.FlagSet
 	parentContext *Context
@@ -22,7 +23,13 @@ type Context struct {
 
 // NewContext creates a new context. For use in when invoking an App or Command action.
 func NewContext(app *App, set *flag.FlagSet, parentCtx *Context) *Context {
-	return &Context{App: app, flagSet: set, parentContext: parentCtx}
+	c := &Context{App: app, flagSet: set, parentContext: parentCtx}
+
+	if parentCtx != nil {
+		c.shellComplete = parentCtx.shellComplete
+	}
+
+	return c
 }
 
 // NumFlags returns the number of flags set

context_test.go

@@ -166,9 +166,10 @@ func TestContext_IsSet_fromEnv(t *testing.T) {
 		globalTimeoutIsSet, TIsSet, globalNoEnvVarIsSet, NIsSet bool
 	)
 
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("GLOBAL_APP_TIMEOUT_SECONDS", "15.5")
 	os.Setenv("APP_TIMEOUT_SECONDS", "15.5")
+	os.Setenv("APP_PASSWORD", "")
 	a := App{
 		Flags: []Flag{
 			&Float64Flag{
@@ -216,8 +217,17 @@ func TestContext_IsSet_fromEnv(t *testing.T) {
 	expect(t, NIsSet, false)
 	expect(t, timeoutIsSet, true)
 	expect(t, tIsSet, true)
+	expect(t, passwordIsSet, true)
+	expect(t, pIsSet, true)
 	expect(t, noEnvVarIsSet, false)
 	expect(t, nIsSet, false)
+
+	os.Setenv("APP_UNPARSABLE", "foobar")
+	if err := a.Run([]string{"run"}); err != nil {
+		t.Logf("error running Run(): %+v", err)
+	}
+	expect(t, unparsableIsSet, false)
+	expect(t, uIsSet, false)
 }
 
 func TestContext_NumFlags(t *testing.T) {
@@ -238,8 +248,10 @@ func TestContext_Set(t *testing.T) {
 	set.Int("int", 5, "an int")
 	c := NewContext(nil, set, nil)
 
+	expect(t, c.IsSet("int"), false)
 	c.Set("int", "1")
 	expect(t, c.Int("int"), 1)
+	expect(t, c.IsSet("int"), true)
 }
 
 func TestContext_LocalFlagNames(t *testing.T) {

errors.go

@@ -48,6 +48,10 @@ func (m *multiError) Errors() []error {
 	return errs
 }
 
+type ErrorFormatter interface {
+	Format(s fmt.State, verb rune)
+}
+
 // ExitCoder is the interface checked by `App` and `Command` for a custom exit
 // code
 type ExitCoder interface {
@@ -57,7 +61,7 @@ type ExitCoder interface {
 
 type exitError struct {
 	exitCode int
-	message  string
+	message  interface{}
 }
 
 // Exit wraps a message and exit code into an ExitCoder suitable for handling by
@@ -80,7 +84,7 @@ func (ee *exitError) ExitCode() int {
 // HandleExitCoder checks if the error fulfills the ExitCoder interface, and if
 // so prints the error to stderr (if it is non-empty) and calls OsExiter with the
 // given exit code.  If the given error is a MultiError, then this func is
-// called on all members of the Errors slice.
+// called on all members of the Errors slice and calls OsExiter with the last exit code.
 func HandleExitCoder(err error) {
 	if err == nil {
 		return
@@ -88,7 +92,11 @@ func HandleExitCoder(err error) {
 
 	if exitErr, ok := err.(ExitCoder); ok {
 		if err.Error() != "" {
-			fmt.Fprintln(ErrWriter, err)
+			if _, ok := exitErr.(ErrorFormatter); ok {
+				fmt.Fprintf(ErrWriter, "%+v\n", err)
+			} else {
+				fmt.Fprintln(ErrWriter, err)
+			}
 		}
 		OsExiter(exitErr.ExitCode())
 		return
@@ -100,9 +108,19 @@ func HandleExitCoder(err error) {
 		}
 		return
 	}
-
+}
-	if err.Error() != "" {
+
-		fmt.Fprintln(ErrWriter, err)
+func handleMultiError(multiErr MultiError) int {
-	}
+	code := 1
-	OsExiter(1)
+	for _, merr := range multiErr.Errors {
+		if multiErr2, ok := merr.(MultiError); ok {
+			code = handleMultiError(multiErr2)
+		} else {
+			fmt.Fprintln(ErrWriter, merr)
+			if exitErr, ok := merr.(ExitCoder); ok {
+				code = exitErr.ExitCode()
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return code
 }

errors_test.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package cli
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"testing"
 )
 
@@ -11,8 +12,10 @@ func TestHandleExitCoder_nil(t *testing.T) {
 	called := false
 
 	OsExiter = func(rc int) {
-		exitCode = rc
+		if !called {
-		called = true
+			exitCode = rc
+			called = true
+		}
 	}
 
 	defer func() { OsExiter = fakeOsExiter }()
@@ -28,8 +31,10 @@ func TestHandleExitCoder_ExitCoder(t *testing.T) {
 	called := false
 
 	OsExiter = func(rc int) {
-		exitCode = rc
+		if !called {
-		called = true
+			exitCode = rc
+			called = true
+		}
 	}
 
 	defer func() { OsExiter = fakeOsExiter }()
@@ -45,27 +50,43 @@ func TestHandleExitCoder_MultiErrorWithExitCoder(t *testing.T) {
 	called := false
 
 	OsExiter = func(rc int) {
-		exitCode = rc
+		if !called {
-		called = true
+			exitCode = rc
+			called = true
+		}
 	}
 
 	defer func() { OsExiter = fakeOsExiter }()
 
 	exitErr := Exit("galactic perimeter breach", 9)
-	err := newMultiError(errors.New("wowsa"), errors.New("egad"), exitErr)
+	exitErr2 := Exit("last ExitCoder", 11)
+	err := newMultiError(errors.New("wowsa"), errors.New("egad"), exitErr, exitErr2)
 	HandleExitCoder(err)
 
-	expect(t, exitCode, 9)
+	expect(t, exitCode, 11)
 	expect(t, called, true)
 }
 
-func TestHandleExitCoder_ErrorWithMessage(t *testing.T) {
+// make a stub to not import pkg/errors
-	exitCode := 0
+type ErrorWithFormat struct {
+	error
+}
+
+func NewErrorWithFormat(m string) *ErrorWithFormat {
+	return &ErrorWithFormat{error: errors.New(m)}
+}
+
+func (f *ErrorWithFormat) Format(s fmt.State, verb rune) {
+	fmt.Fprintf(s, "This the format: %v", f.error)
+}
+
+func TestHandleExitCoder_ErrorWithFormat(t *testing.T) {
 	called := false
 
 	OsExiter = func(rc int) {
-		exitCode = rc
+		if !called {
-		called = true
+			called = true
+		}
 	}
 	ErrWriter = &bytes.Buffer{}
 
@@ -74,33 +95,28 @@ func TestHandleExitCoder_ErrorWithMessage(t *testing.T) {
 		ErrWriter = fakeErrWriter
 	}()
 
-	err := errors.New("gourd havens")
+	err := NewExitError(NewErrorWithFormat("I am formatted"), 1)
 	HandleExitCoder(err)
 
-	expect(t, exitCode, 1)
 	expect(t, called, true)
-	expect(t, ErrWriter.(*bytes.Buffer).String(), "gourd havens\n")
+	expect(t, ErrWriter.(*bytes.Buffer).String(), "This the format: I am formatted\n")
 }
 
-func TestHandleExitCoder_ErrorWithoutMessage(t *testing.T) {
+func TestHandleExitCoder_MultiErrorWithFormat(t *testing.T) {
-	exitCode := 0
 	called := false
 
 	OsExiter = func(rc int) {
-		exitCode = rc
+		if !called {
-		called = true
+			called = true
+		}
 	}
 	ErrWriter = &bytes.Buffer{}
 
-	defer func() {
+	defer func() { OsExiter = fakeOsExiter }()
-		OsExiter = fakeOsExiter
-		ErrWriter = fakeErrWriter
-	}()
 
-	err := errors.New("")
+	err := NewMultiError(NewErrorWithFormat("err1"), NewErrorWithFormat("err2"))
 	HandleExitCoder(err)
 
-	expect(t, exitCode, 1)
 	expect(t, called, true)
-	expect(t, ErrWriter.(*bytes.Buffer).String(), "")
+	expect(t, ErrWriter.(*bytes.Buffer).String(), "This the format: err1\nThis the format: err2\n")
 }

flag.go

@@ -4,12 +4,12 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
-	"os"
 	"reflect"
 	"regexp"
 	"runtime"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
+	"syscall"
 	"time"
 )
 
@@ -88,13 +88,29 @@ type Flag interface {
 	Names() []string
 }
 
-func flagSet(name string, flags []Flag) *flag.FlagSet {
+// errorableFlag is an interface that allows us to return errors during apply
+// it allows flags defined in this library to return errors in a fashion backwards compatible
+// TODO remove in v2 and modify the existing Flag interface to return errors
+type errorableFlag interface {
+	Flag
+
+	ApplyWithError(*flag.FlagSet) error
+}
+
+func flagSet(name string, flags []Flag) (*flag.FlagSet, error) {
 	set := flag.NewFlagSet(name, flag.ContinueOnError)
 
 	for _, f := range flags {
-		f.Apply(set)
+		//TODO remove in v2 when errorableFlag is removed
+		if ef, ok := f.(errorableFlag); ok {
+			if err := ef.ApplyWithError(set); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+		} else {
+			f.Apply(set)
+		}
 	}
-	return set
+	return set, nil
 }
 
 // Generic is a generic parseable type identified by a specific flag
@@ -109,7 +125,7 @@ func (f *GenericFlag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 	val := f.Value
 	if f.EnvVars != nil {
 		for _, envVar := range f.EnvVars {
-			if envVal := os.Getenv(envVar); envVal != "" {
+			if envVal, ok := syscall.Getenv(envVar); ok {
 				val.Set(envVal)
 				break
 			}
@@ -166,15 +182,22 @@ func (f *StringSlice) Value() []string {
 	return f.slice
 }
 
+// Get returns the slice of strings set by this flag
+func (f *StringSlice) Get() interface{} {
+	return *f
+}
+
 // Apply populates the flag given the flag set and environment
 func (f *StringSliceFlag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 	if f.EnvVars != nil {
 		for _, envVar := range f.EnvVars {
-			if envVal := os.Getenv(envVar); envVal != "" {
+			if envVal, ok := syscall.Getenv(envVar); ok {
 				newVal := NewStringSlice()
 				for _, s := range strings.Split(envVal, ",") {
 					s = strings.TrimSpace(s)
-					newVal.Set(s)
+					if err := newVal.Set(s); err != nil {
+						return fmt.Errorf("could not parse %s as string value for flag %s: %s", envVal, f.Name, err)
+					}
 				}
 				f.Value = newVal
 				break
@@ -256,17 +279,21 @@ func (i *IntSlice) Value() []int {
 	return i.slice
 }
 
+// Get returns the slice of ints set by this flag
+func (f *IntSlice) Get() interface{} {
+	return *f
+}
+
 // Apply populates the flag given the flag set and environment
 func (f *IntSliceFlag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 	if f.EnvVars != nil {
 		for _, envVar := range f.EnvVars {
-			if envVal := os.Getenv(envVar); envVal != "" {
+			if envVal, ok := syscall.Getenv(envVar); ok {
 				newVal := NewIntSlice()
 				for _, s := range strings.Split(envVal, ",") {
 					s = strings.TrimSpace(s)
-					err := newVal.Set(s)
+					if err := newVal.Set(s); err != nil {
-					if err != nil {
+						return fmt.Errorf("could not parse %s as int slice value for flag %s: %s", envVal, f.Name, err)
-						fmt.Fprintf(ErrWriter, err.Error())
 					}
 				}
 				f.Value = newVal
@@ -329,17 +356,21 @@ func (f *Int64Slice) Value() []int64 {
 	return f.slice
 }
 
+// Get returns the slice of ints set by this flag
+func (f *Int64Slice) Get() interface{} {
+	return *f
+}
+
 // Apply populates the flag given the flag set and environment
 func (f *Int64SliceFlag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 	if f.EnvVars != nil {
 		for _, envVar := range f.EnvVars {
-			if envVal := os.Getenv(envVar); envVal != "" {
+			if envVal, ok := syscall.Getenv(envVar); ok {
 				newVal := NewInt64Slice()
 				for _, s := range strings.Split(envVal, ",") {
 					s = strings.TrimSpace(s)
-					err := newVal.Set(s)
+					if err := newVal.Set(s); err != nil {
-					if err != nil {
+						return fmt.Errorf("could not parse %s as int64 slice value for flag %s: %s", envVal, f.Name, err)
-						fmt.Fprintf(ErrWriter, err.Error())
 					}
 				}
 				f.Value = newVal
@@ -361,11 +392,13 @@ func (f *Int64SliceFlag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 func (f *BoolFlag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 	if f.EnvVars != nil {
 		for _, envVar := range f.EnvVars {
-			if envVal := os.Getenv(envVar); envVal != "" {
+			if envVal, ok := syscall.Getenv(envVar); ok {
 				envValBool, err := strconv.ParseBool(envVal)
 				if err == nil {
 					f.Value = envValBool
 				}
+
+				val = envValBool
 				break
 			}
 		}
@@ -384,7 +417,7 @@ func (f *BoolFlag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 func (f *StringFlag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 	if f.EnvVars != nil {
 		for _, envVar := range f.EnvVars {
-			if envVal := os.Getenv(envVar); envVal != "" {
+			if envVal, ok := syscall.Getenv(envVar); ok {
 				f.Value = envVal
 				break
 			}
@@ -404,12 +437,13 @@ func (f *StringFlag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 func (f *IntFlag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 	if f.EnvVars != nil {
 		for _, envVar := range f.EnvVars {
-			if envVal := os.Getenv(envVar); envVal != "" {
+			if envVal, ok := syscall.Getenv(envVar); ok {
 				envValInt, err := strconv.ParseInt(envVal, 0, 64)
-				if err == nil {
+				if err != nil {
-					f.Value = int(envValInt)
+					return fmt.Errorf("could not parse %s as int value for flag %s: %s", envVal, f.Name, err)
-					break
 				}
+				f.Value = int(envValInt)
+				break
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -427,12 +461,14 @@ func (f *IntFlag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 func (f *Int64Flag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 	if f.EnvVars != nil {
 		for _, envVar := range f.EnvVars {
-			if envVal := os.Getenv(envVar); envVal != "" {
+			if envVal, ok := syscall.Getenv(envVar); ok {
 				envValInt, err := strconv.ParseInt(envVal, 0, 64)
-				if err == nil {
+				if err != nil {
-					f.Value = envValInt
+					return fmt.Errorf("could not parse %s as int value for flag %s: %s", envVal, f.Name, err)
-					break
 				}
+
+				f.Value = envValInt
+				break
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -450,12 +486,14 @@ func (f *Int64Flag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 func (f *UintFlag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 	if f.EnvVars != nil {
 		for _, envVar := range f.EnvVars {
-			if envVal := os.Getenv(envVar); envVal != "" {
+			if envVal, ok := syscall.Getenv(envVar); ok {
 				envValInt, err := strconv.ParseUint(envVal, 0, 64)
-				if err == nil {
+				if err != nil {
-					f.Value = uint(envValInt)
+					return fmt.Errorf("could not parse %s as uint value for flag %s: %s", envVal, f.Name, err)
-					break
 				}
+
+				f.Value = uint(envValInt)
+				break
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -473,12 +511,14 @@ func (f *UintFlag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 func (f *Uint64Flag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 	if f.EnvVars != nil {
 		for _, envVar := range f.EnvVars {
-			if envVal := os.Getenv(envVar); envVal != "" {
+			if envVal, ok := syscall.Getenv(envVar); ok {
 				envValInt, err := strconv.ParseUint(envVal, 0, 64)
-				if err == nil {
+				if err != nil {
-					f.Value = uint64(envValInt)
+					return fmt.Errorf("could not parse %s as uint64 value for flag %s: %s", envVal, f.Name, err)
-					break
 				}
+
+				f.Value = uint64(envValInt)
+				break
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -496,12 +536,14 @@ func (f *Uint64Flag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 func (f *DurationFlag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 	if f.EnvVars != nil {
 		for _, envVar := range f.EnvVars {
-			if envVal := os.Getenv(envVar); envVal != "" {
+			if envVal, ok := syscall.Getenv(envVar); ok {
 				envValDuration, err := time.ParseDuration(envVal)
-				if err == nil {
+				if err != nil {
-					f.Value = envValDuration
+					return fmt.Errorf("could not parse %s as duration for flag %s: %s", envVal, f.Name, err)
-					break
 				}
+
+				f.Value = envValDuration
+				break
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -519,11 +561,14 @@ func (f *DurationFlag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 func (f *Float64Flag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 	if f.EnvVars != nil {
 		for _, envVar := range f.EnvVars {
-			if envVal := os.Getenv(envVar); envVal != "" {
+			if envVal, ok := syscall.Getenv(envVar); ok {
 				envValFloat, err := strconv.ParseFloat(envVal, 10)
-				if err == nil {
+				if err != nil {
-					f.Value = float64(envValFloat)
+					return fmt.Errorf("could not parse %s as float64 value for flag %s: %s", envVal, f.Name, err)
 				}
+
+				f.Value = float64(envValFloat)
+				break
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -591,7 +636,7 @@ func (f *Float64Slice) Value() []float64 {
 func (f *Float64SliceFlag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 	if f.EnvVars != nil {
 		for _, envVar := range f.EnvVars {
-			if envVal := os.Getenv(envVar); envVal != "" {
+			if envVal, ok := syscall.Getenv(envVar); ok {
 				newVal := NewFloat64Slice()
 				for _, s := range strings.Split(envVal, ",") {
 					s = strings.TrimSpace(s)
@@ -618,7 +663,8 @@ func (f *Float64SliceFlag) Apply(set *flag.FlagSet) {
 func visibleFlags(fl []Flag) []Flag {
 	visible := []Flag{}
 	for _, flag := range fl {
-		if !flagValue(flag).FieldByName("Hidden").Bool() {
+		field := flagValue(flag).FieldByName("Hidden")
+		if !field.IsValid() || !field.Bool() {
 			visible = append(visible, flag)
 		}
 	}

flag_generated.go

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ type BoolFlag struct {
 	Hidden      bool
 	Value       bool
 	DefaultText string
+
 	Destination *bool
 }
 
@@ -61,6 +62,7 @@ type DurationFlag struct {
 	Hidden      bool
 	Value       time.Duration
 	DefaultText string
+
 	Destination *time.Duration
 }
 
@@ -105,6 +107,7 @@ type Float64Flag struct {
 	Hidden      bool
 	Value       float64
 	DefaultText string
+
 	Destination *float64
 }
 
@@ -192,6 +195,7 @@ type Int64Flag struct {
 	Hidden      bool
 	Value       int64
 	DefaultText string
+
 	Destination *int64
 }
 
@@ -236,6 +240,7 @@ type IntFlag struct {
 	Hidden      bool
 	Value       int
 	DefaultText string
+
 	Destination *int
 }
 
@@ -409,6 +414,7 @@ type StringFlag struct {
 	Hidden      bool
 	Value       string
 	DefaultText string
+
 	Destination *string
 }
 
@@ -496,6 +502,7 @@ type Uint64Flag struct {
 	Hidden      bool
 	Value       uint64
 	DefaultText string
+
 	Destination *uint64
 }
 
@@ -540,6 +547,7 @@ type UintFlag struct {
 	Hidden      bool
 	Value       uint
 	DefaultText string
+
 	Destination *uint
 }
 

flag_test.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"reflect"
+	"regexp"
 	"runtime"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
@@ -41,6 +42,87 @@ func TestBoolFlagApply_SetsAllNames(t *testing.T) {
 	expect(t, v, true)
 }
 
+func TestFlagsFromEnv(t *testing.T) {
+	var flagTests = []struct {
+		input     string
+		output    interface{}
+		flag      Flag
+		errRegexp string
+	}{
+		{"", false, &BoolFlag{Name: "debug", EnvVar: "DEBUG"}, ""},
+		{"1", true, &BoolFlag{Name: "debug", EnvVar: "DEBUG"}, ""},
+		{"false", false, &BoolFlag{Name: "debug", EnvVar: "DEBUG"}, ""},
+		{"foobar", true, &BoolFlag{Name: "debug", EnvVar: "DEBUG"}, fmt.Sprintf(`could not parse foobar as bool value for flag debug: .*`)},
+
+		{"1s", 1 * time.Second, &DurationFlag{Name: "time", EnvVar: "TIME"}, ""},
+		{"foobar", false, &DurationFlag{Name: "time", EnvVar: "TIME"}, fmt.Sprintf(`could not parse foobar as duration for flag time: .*`)},
+
+		{"1.2", 1.2, &Float64Flag{Name: "seconds", EnvVar: "SECONDS"}, ""},
+		{"1", 1.0, &Float64Flag{Name: "seconds", EnvVar: "SECONDS"}, ""},
+		{"foobar", 0, &Float64Flag{Name: "seconds", EnvVar: "SECONDS"}, fmt.Sprintf(`could not parse foobar as float64 value for flag seconds: .*`)},
+
+		{"1", int64(1), &Int64Flag{Name: "seconds", EnvVar: "SECONDS"}, ""},
+		{"1.2", 0, &Int64Flag{Name: "seconds", EnvVar: "SECONDS"}, fmt.Sprintf(`could not parse 1.2 as int value for flag seconds: .*`)},
+		{"foobar", 0, &Int64Flag{Name: "seconds", EnvVar: "SECONDS"}, fmt.Sprintf(`could not parse foobar as int value for flag seconds: .*`)},
+
+		{"1", 1, &IntFlag{Name: "seconds", EnvVar: "SECONDS"}, ""},
+		{"1.2", 0, &IntFlag{Name: "seconds", EnvVar: "SECONDS"}, fmt.Sprintf(`could not parse 1.2 as int value for flag seconds: .*`)},
+		{"foobar", 0, &IntFlag{Name: "seconds", EnvVar: "SECONDS"}, fmt.Sprintf(`could not parse foobar as int value for flag seconds: .*`)},
+
+		{"1,2", NewIntSlice(1, 2), &IntSliceFlag{Name: "seconds", EnvVar: "SECONDS"}, ""},
+		{"1.2,2", NewIntSlice(), &IntSliceFlag{Name: "seconds", EnvVar: "SECONDS"}, fmt.Sprintf(`could not parse 1.2,2 as int slice value for flag seconds: .*`)},
+		{"foobar", NewIntSlice(), &IntSliceFlag{Name: "seconds", EnvVar: "SECONDS"}, fmt.Sprintf(`could not parse foobar as int slice value for flag seconds: .*`)},
+
+		{"1,2", NewInt64Slice(1, 2), &Int64SliceFlag{Name: "seconds", EnvVar: "SECONDS"}, ""},
+		{"1.2,2", NewInt64Slice(), &Int64SliceFlag{Name: "seconds", EnvVar: "SECONDS"}, fmt.Sprintf(`could not parse 1.2,2 as int64 slice value for flag seconds: .*`)},
+		{"foobar", NewInt64Slice(), &Int64SliceFlag{Name: "seconds", EnvVar: "SECONDS"}, fmt.Sprintf(`could not parse foobar as int64 slice value for flag seconds: .*`)},
+
+		{"foo", "foo", &StringFlag{Name: "name", EnvVar: "NAME"}, ""},
+
+		{"foo,bar", NewStringSlice("foo", "bar"), &StringSliceFlag{Name: "names", EnvVar: "NAMES"}, ""},
+
+		{"1", uint(1), &UintFlag{Name: "seconds", EnvVar: "SECONDS"}, ""},
+		{"1.2", 0, &UintFlag{Name: "seconds", EnvVar: "SECONDS"}, fmt.Sprintf(`could not parse 1.2 as uint value for flag seconds: .*`)},
+		{"foobar", 0, &UintFlag{Name: "seconds", EnvVar: "SECONDS"}, fmt.Sprintf(`could not parse foobar as uint value for flag seconds: .*`)},
+
+		{"1", uint64(1), &Uint64Flag{Name: "seconds", EnvVar: "SECONDS"}, ""},
+		{"1.2", 0, &Uint64Flag{Name: "seconds", EnvVar: "SECONDS"}, fmt.Sprintf(`could not parse 1.2 as uint64 value for flag seconds: .*`)},
+		{"foobar", 0, &Uint64Flag{Name: "seconds", EnvVar: "SECONDS"}, fmt.Sprintf(`could not parse foobar as uint64 value for flag seconds: .*`)},
+
+		{"foo,bar", &Parser{"foo", "bar"}, &GenericFlag{Name: "names", Value: &Parser{}, EnvVar: "NAMES"}, ""},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range flagTests {
+		clearenv()
+		os.Setenv(reflect.ValueOf(test.flag).FieldByName("EnvVar").String(), test.input)
+		a := App{
+			Flags: []Flag{test.flag},
+			Action: func(ctx *Context) error {
+				if !reflect.DeepEqual(ctx.value(test.flag.GetName()), test.output) {
+					t.Errorf("expected %+v to be parsed as %+v, instead was %+v", test.input, test.output, ctx.value(test.flag.GetName()))
+				}
+				return nil
+			},
+		}
+
+		err := a.Run([]string{"run"})
+
+		if test.errRegexp != "" {
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Errorf("expected error to match %s, got none", test.errRegexp)
+			} else {
+				if matched, _ := regexp.MatchString(test.errRegexp, err.Error()); !matched {
+					t.Errorf("expected error to match %s, got error %s", test.errRegexp, err)
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			if err != nil && test.errRegexp == "" {
+				t.Errorf("expected no error got %s", err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 var stringFlagTests = []struct {
 	name     string
 	aliases  []string
@@ -78,7 +160,7 @@ func TestStringFlagDefaultText(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestStringFlagWithEnvVarHelpOutput(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_FOO", "derp")
 	for _, test := range stringFlagTests {
 		flag := &StringFlag{Name: test.name, Aliases: test.aliases, Value: test.value, EnvVars: []string{"APP_FOO"}}
@@ -130,7 +212,7 @@ func TestStringSliceFlagHelpOutput(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestStringSliceFlagWithEnvVarHelpOutput(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_QWWX", "11,4")
 	for _, test := range stringSliceFlagTests {
 		flag := &StringSliceFlag{Name: test.name, Aliases: test.aliases, Value: test.value, EnvVars: []string{"APP_QWWX"}}
@@ -175,7 +257,7 @@ func TestIntFlagHelpOutput(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestIntFlagWithEnvVarHelpOutput(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_BAR", "2")
 	for _, test := range intFlagTests {
 		flag := &IntFlag{Name: test.name, EnvVars: []string{"APP_BAR"}}
@@ -222,7 +304,7 @@ func TestInt64FlagHelpOutput(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestInt64FlagWithEnvVarHelpOutput(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_BAR", "2")
 	for _, test := range int64FlagTests {
 		flag := IntFlag{Name: test.name, EnvVars: []string{"APP_BAR"}}
@@ -258,7 +340,7 @@ func TestUintFlagHelpOutput(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestUintFlagWithEnvVarHelpOutput(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_BAR", "2")
 	for _, test := range uintFlagTests {
 		flag := UintFlag{Name: test.name, EnvVars: []string{"APP_BAR"}}
@@ -294,7 +376,7 @@ func TestUint64FlagHelpOutput(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestUint64FlagWithEnvVarHelpOutput(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_BAR", "2")
 	for _, test := range uint64FlagTests {
 		flag := UintFlag{Name: test.name, EnvVars: []string{"APP_BAR"}}
@@ -330,7 +412,7 @@ func TestDurationFlagHelpOutput(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestDurationFlagWithEnvVarHelpOutput(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_BAR", "2h3m6s")
 	for _, test := range durationFlagTests {
 		flag := &DurationFlag{Name: test.name, EnvVars: []string{"APP_BAR"}}
@@ -380,7 +462,7 @@ func TestIntSliceFlagHelpOutput(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestIntSliceFlagWithEnvVarHelpOutput(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_SMURF", "42,3")
 	for _, test := range intSliceFlagTests {
 		flag := &IntSliceFlag{Name: test.name, Aliases: test.aliases, Value: test.value, EnvVars: []string{"APP_SMURF"}}
@@ -429,7 +511,7 @@ func TestInt64SliceFlagHelpOutput(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestInt64SliceFlagWithEnvVarHelpOutput(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_SMURF", "42,17179869184")
 	for _, test := range int64SliceFlagTests {
 		flag := Int64SliceFlag{Name: test.name, Value: test.value, EnvVars: []string{"APP_SMURF"}}
@@ -465,7 +547,7 @@ func TestFloat64FlagHelpOutput(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestFloat64FlagWithEnvVarHelpOutput(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_BAZ", "99.4")
 	for _, test := range float64FlagTests {
 		flag := &Float64Flag{Name: test.name, EnvVars: []string{"APP_BAZ"}}
@@ -516,7 +598,7 @@ func TestFloat64SliceFlagHelpOutput(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestFloat64SliceFlagWithEnvVarHelpOutput(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_SMURF", "0.1234,-10.5")
 	for _, test := range float64SliceFlagTests {
 		flag := Float64SliceFlag{Name: test.name, Value: test.value, EnvVars: []string{"APP_SMURF"}}
@@ -553,7 +635,7 @@ func TestGenericFlagHelpOutput(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestGenericFlagWithEnvVarHelpOutput(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_ZAP", "3")
 	for _, test := range genericFlagTests {
 		flag := &GenericFlag{Name: test.name, EnvVars: []string{"APP_ZAP"}}
@@ -615,7 +697,7 @@ func TestParseDestinationString(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestParseMultiStringFromEnv(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_COUNT", "20")
 	(&App{
 		Flags: []Flag{
@@ -634,7 +716,7 @@ func TestParseMultiStringFromEnv(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestParseMultiStringFromEnvCascade(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_COUNT", "20")
 	(&App{
 		Flags: []Flag{
@@ -706,7 +788,7 @@ func TestParseMultiStringSliceWithDefaultsUnset(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestParseMultiStringSliceFromEnv(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_INTERVALS", "20,30,40")
 
 	(&App{
@@ -726,7 +808,7 @@ func TestParseMultiStringSliceFromEnv(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestParseMultiStringSliceFromEnvWithDefaults(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_INTERVALS", "20,30,40")
 
 	(&App{
@@ -746,7 +828,7 @@ func TestParseMultiStringSliceFromEnvWithDefaults(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestParseMultiStringSliceFromEnvCascade(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_INTERVALS", "20,30,40")
 
 	(&App{
@@ -766,7 +848,7 @@ func TestParseMultiStringSliceFromEnvCascade(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestParseMultiStringSliceFromEnvCascadeWithDefaults(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_INTERVALS", "20,30,40")
 
 	(&App{
@@ -823,7 +905,7 @@ func TestParseDestinationInt(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestParseMultiIntFromEnv(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_TIMEOUT_SECONDS", "10")
 	a := App{
 		Flags: []Flag{
@@ -843,7 +925,7 @@ func TestParseMultiIntFromEnv(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestParseMultiIntFromEnvCascade(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_TIMEOUT_SECONDS", "10")
 	a := App{
 		Flags: []Flag{
@@ -914,7 +996,7 @@ func TestParseMultiIntSliceWithDefaultsUnset(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestParseMultiIntSliceFromEnv(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_INTERVALS", "20,30,40")
 
 	(&App{
@@ -934,7 +1016,7 @@ func TestParseMultiIntSliceFromEnv(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestParseMultiIntSliceFromEnvWithDefaults(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_INTERVALS", "20,30,40")
 
 	(&App{
@@ -954,7 +1036,7 @@ func TestParseMultiIntSliceFromEnvWithDefaults(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestParseMultiIntSliceFromEnvCascade(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_INTERVALS", "20,30,40")
 
 	(&App{
@@ -991,7 +1073,7 @@ func TestParseMultiInt64Slice(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestParseMultiInt64SliceFromEnv(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_INTERVALS", "20,30,17179869184")
 
 	(&App{
@@ -1011,7 +1093,7 @@ func TestParseMultiInt64SliceFromEnv(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestParseMultiInt64SliceFromEnvCascade(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_INTERVALS", "20,30,17179869184")
 
 	(&App{
@@ -1068,7 +1150,7 @@ func TestParseDestinationFloat64(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestParseMultiFloat64FromEnv(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_TIMEOUT_SECONDS", "15.5")
 	a := App{
 		Flags: []Flag{
@@ -1088,7 +1170,7 @@ func TestParseMultiFloat64FromEnv(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestParseMultiFloat64FromEnvCascade(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_TIMEOUT_SECONDS", "15.5")
 	a := App{
 		Flags: []Flag{
@@ -1108,7 +1190,7 @@ func TestParseMultiFloat64FromEnvCascade(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestParseMultiFloat64SliceFromEnv(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_INTERVALS", "0.1,-10.5")
 
 	(&App{
@@ -1128,7 +1210,7 @@ func TestParseMultiFloat64SliceFromEnv(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestParseMultiFloat64SliceFromEnvCascade(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_INTERVALS", "0.1234,-10.5")
 
 	(&App{
@@ -1185,7 +1267,7 @@ func TestParseDestinationBool(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestParseMultiBoolFromEnv(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_DEBUG", "1")
 	a := App{
 		Flags: []Flag{
@@ -1205,7 +1287,7 @@ func TestParseMultiBoolFromEnv(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestParseMultiBoolFromEnvCascade(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_DEBUG", "1")
 	a := App{
 		Flags: []Flag{
@@ -1264,7 +1346,7 @@ func TestParseDestinationBoolTrue(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestParseMultiBoolTrueFromEnv(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_DEBUG", "0")
 	a := App{
 		Flags: []Flag{
@@ -1289,7 +1371,7 @@ func TestParseMultiBoolTrueFromEnv(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestParseMultiBoolTrueFromEnvCascade(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_DEBUG", "0")
 	a := App{
 		Flags: []Flag{
@@ -1331,6 +1413,10 @@ func (p *Parser) String() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%s,%s", p[0], p[1])
 }
 
+func (p *Parser) Get() interface{} {
+	return p
+}
+
 func TestParseGeneric(t *testing.T) {
 	a := App{
 		Flags: []Flag{
@@ -1350,7 +1436,7 @@ func TestParseGeneric(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestParseGenericFromEnv(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_SERVE", "20,30")
 	a := App{
 		Flags: []Flag{
@@ -1375,7 +1461,7 @@ func TestParseGenericFromEnv(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestParseGenericFromEnvCascade(t *testing.T) {
-	os.Clearenv()
+	clearenv()
 	os.Setenv("APP_FOO", "99,2000")
 	a := App{
 		Flags: []Flag{

generate-flag-types

@@ -104,7 +104,9 @@ def main(sysargs=sys.argv[:]):
 def _generate_flag_types(writefunc, output_go, input_json):
     types = json.load(input_json)
 
-    tmp = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix='.go', delete=False)
+    tmp = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
+        suffix='.go', mode='w', delete=False, encoding='utf-8'
+    )
     writefunc(tmp, types)
     tmp.close()
 
@@ -222,11 +224,18 @@ def _write_altsrc_flag_types(outfile, types):
             f.set = set
             f.{name}Flag.Apply(set)
         }}
+
+        // ApplyWithError saves the flagSet for later usage calls, then calls the
+        // wrapped {name}Flag.ApplyWithError
+        func (f *{name}Flag) ApplyWithError(set *flag.FlagSet) error {{
+            f.set = set
+            return f.{name}Flag.ApplyWithError(set)
+        }}
         """.format(**typedef))
 
 
 def _fwrite(outfile, text):
-    print(textwrap.dedent(text), end='', file=outfile)
+    print(textwrap.dedent(text), end=None, file=outfile)
 
 
 _WRITEFUNCS = {

help.go

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import (
 // cli.go uses text/template to render templates. You can
 // render custom help text by setting this variable.
 var AppHelpTemplate = `NAME:
-   {{.Name}} - {{.Usage}}
+   {{.Name}}{{if .Usage}} - {{.Usage}}{{end}}
 
 USAGE:
    {{if .UsageText}}{{.UsageText}}{{else}}{{.HelpName}} {{if .VisibleFlags}}[global options]{{end}}{{if .Commands}} command [command options]{{end}} {{if .ArgsUsage}}{{.ArgsUsage}}{{else}}[arguments...]{{end}}{{end}}{{if .Version}}{{if not .HideVersion}}
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ var CommandHelpTemplate = `NAME:
    {{.HelpName}} - {{.Usage}}
 
 USAGE:
-   {{.HelpName}}{{if .VisibleFlags}} [command options]{{end}} {{if .ArgsUsage}}{{.ArgsUsage}}{{else}}[arguments...]{{end}}{{if .Category}}
+   {{if .UsageText}}{{.UsageText}}{{else}}{{.HelpName}}{{if .VisibleFlags}} [command options]{{end}} {{if .ArgsUsage}}{{.ArgsUsage}}{{else}}[arguments...]{{end}}{{end}}{{if .Category}}
 
 CATEGORY:
    {{.Category}}{{end}}{{if .Description}}
@@ -64,10 +64,10 @@ OPTIONS:
 // cli.go uses text/template to render templates. You can
 // render custom help text by setting this variable.
 var SubcommandHelpTemplate = `NAME:
-   {{.HelpName}} - {{.Usage}}
+   {{.HelpName}} - {{if .Description}}{{.Description}}{{else}}{{.Usage}}{{end}}
 
 USAGE:
-   {{.HelpName}} command{{if .VisibleFlags}} [command options]{{end}} {{if .ArgsUsage}}{{.ArgsUsage}}{{else}}[arguments...]{{end}}
+   {{if .UsageText}}{{.UsageText}}{{else}}{{.HelpName}} command{{if .VisibleFlags}} [command options]{{end}} {{if .ArgsUsage}}{{.ArgsUsage}}{{else}}[arguments...]{{end}}{{end}}
 
 COMMANDS:{{range .VisibleCategories}}{{if .Name}}
    {{.Name}}:{{end}}{{range .VisibleCommands}}
@@ -112,17 +112,43 @@ var helpSubcommand = &Command{
 // Prints help for the App or Command
 type helpPrinter func(w io.Writer, templ string, data interface{})
 
+// Prints help for the App or Command with custom template function.
+type helpPrinterCustom func(w io.Writer, templ string, data interface{}, customFunc map[string]interface{})
+
 // HelpPrinter is a function that writes the help output. If not set a default
 // is used. The function signature is:
 // func(w io.Writer, templ string, data interface{})
 var HelpPrinter helpPrinter = printHelp
 
+// HelpPrinterCustom is same as HelpPrinter but
+// takes a custom function for template function map.
+var HelpPrinterCustom helpPrinterCustom = printHelpCustom
+
 // VersionPrinter prints the version for the App
 var VersionPrinter = printVersion
 
+// ShowAppHelpAndExit - Prints the list of subcommands for the app and exits with exit code.
+func ShowAppHelpAndExit(c *Context, exitCode int) {
+	ShowAppHelp(c)
+	os.Exit(exitCode)
+}
+
 // ShowAppHelp is an action that displays the help.
-func ShowAppHelp(c *Context) {
+func ShowAppHelp(c *Context) (err error) {
-	HelpPrinter(c.App.Writer, AppHelpTemplate, c.App)
+	if c.App.CustomAppHelpTemplate == "" {
+		HelpPrinter(c.App.Writer, AppHelpTemplate, c.App)
+		return
+	}
+	customAppData := func() map[string]interface{} {
+		if c.App.ExtraInfo == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+		return map[string]interface{}{
+			"ExtraInfo": c.App.ExtraInfo,
+		}
+	}
+	HelpPrinterCustom(c.App.Writer, c.App.CustomAppHelpTemplate, c.App, customAppData())
+	return nil
 }
 
 // DefaultAppComplete prints the list of subcommands as the default app completion method
@@ -137,6 +163,12 @@ func DefaultAppComplete(c *Context) {
 	}
 }
 
+// ShowCommandHelpAndExit - exits with code after showing help
+func ShowCommandHelpAndExit(c *Context, command string, code int) {
+	ShowCommandHelp(c, command)
+	os.Exit(code)
+}
+
 // ShowCommandHelp prints help for the given command
 func ShowCommandHelp(ctx *Context, command string) error {
 	// show the subcommand help for a command with subcommands
@@ -147,7 +179,11 @@ func ShowCommandHelp(ctx *Context, command string) error {
 
 	for _, c := range ctx.App.Commands {
 		if c.HasName(command) {
-			HelpPrinter(ctx.App.Writer, CommandHelpTemplate, c)
+			if c.CustomHelpTemplate != "" {
+				HelpPrinterCustom(ctx.App.Writer, c.CustomHelpTemplate, c, nil)
+			} else {
+				HelpPrinter(ctx.App.Writer, CommandHelpTemplate, c)
+			}
 			return nil
 		}
 	}
@@ -198,10 +234,15 @@ func ShowCommandCompletions(ctx *Context, command string) {
 	}
 }
 
-func printHelp(out io.Writer, templ string, data interface{}) {
+func printHelpCustom(out io.Writer, templ string, data interface{}, customFunc map[string]interface{}) {
 	funcMap := template.FuncMap{
 		"join": strings.Join,
 	}
+	if customFunc != nil {
+		for key, value := range customFunc {
+			funcMap[key] = value
+		}
+	}
 
 	w := tabwriter.NewWriter(out, 1, 8, 2, ' ', 0)
 	t := template.Must(template.New("help").Funcs(funcMap).Parse(templ))
@@ -219,6 +260,10 @@ func printHelp(out io.Writer, templ string, data interface{}) {
 	w.Flush()
 }
 
+func printHelp(out io.Writer, templ string, data interface{}) {
+	printHelpCustom(out, templ, data, nil)
+}
+
 func checkVersion(c *Context) bool {
 	found := false
 	if VersionFlag.Name != "" {
@@ -261,22 +306,45 @@ func checkSubcommandHelp(c *Context) bool {
 	return false
 }
 
-func checkCompletions(c *Context) bool {
+func checkShellCompleteFlag(a *App, arguments []string) (bool, []string) {
-	if c.Bool(GenerateCompletionFlag.Name) && c.App.EnableShellCompletion {
+	if !a.EnableBashCompletion {
-		ShowCompletions(c)
+		return false, arguments
-		return true
 	}
 
-	return false
+	pos := len(arguments) - 1
+	lastArg := arguments[pos]
+
+	if lastArg != "--"+BashCompletionFlag.GetName() {
+		return false, arguments
+	}
+
+	return true, arguments[:pos]
+}
+
+func checkCompletions(c *Context) bool {
+	if !c.Bool(GenerateCompletionFlag.Name) && !c.App.EnableShellCompletion {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	if args := c.Args(); args.Present() {
+		name := args.First()
+		if cmd := c.App.Command(name); cmd != nil {
+			// let the command handle the completion
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+
+	ShowCompletions(c)
+	return true
 }
 
 func checkCommandCompletions(c *Context, name string) bool {
-	if c.Bool(GenerateCompletionFlag.Name) && c.App.EnableShellCompletion {
+	if !c.Bool(GenerateCompletionFlag.Name) && !c.App.EnableShellCompletion {
-		ShowCommandCompletions(c, name)
+		return false
-		return true
 	}
 
-	return false
+	ShowCommandCompletions(c, name)
+	return true
 }
 
 func checkInitCompletion(c *Context) (bool, error) {

help_test.go

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ package cli
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+	"runtime"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 )
@@ -255,6 +257,92 @@ func TestShowSubcommandHelp_CommandAliases(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestShowCommandHelp_Customtemplate(t *testing.T) {
+	app := &App{
+		Commands: []Command{
+			{
+				Name: "frobbly",
+				Action: func(ctx *Context) error {
+					return nil
+				},
+				HelpName: "foo frobbly",
+				CustomHelpTemplate: `NAME:
+   {{.HelpName}} - {{.Usage}}
+
+USAGE:
+   {{.HelpName}} [FLAGS] TARGET [TARGET ...]
+
+FLAGS:
+  {{range .VisibleFlags}}{{.}}
+  {{end}}
+EXAMPLES:
+   1. Frobbly runs with this param locally.
+      $ {{.HelpName}} wobbly
+`,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	output := &bytes.Buffer{}
+	app.Writer = output
+	app.Run([]string{"foo", "help", "frobbly"})
+
+	if strings.Contains(output.String(), "2. Frobbly runs without this param locally.") {
+		t.Errorf("expected output to exclude \"2. Frobbly runs without this param locally.\"; got: %q", output.String())
+	}
+
+	if !strings.Contains(output.String(), "1. Frobbly runs with this param locally.") {
+		t.Errorf("expected output to include \"1. Frobbly runs with this param locally.\"; got: %q", output.String())
+	}
+
+	if !strings.Contains(output.String(), "$ foo frobbly wobbly") {
+		t.Errorf("expected output to include \"$ foo frobbly wobbly\"; got: %q", output.String())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestShowSubcommandHelp_CommandUsageText(t *testing.T) {
+	app := &App{
+		Commands: []Command{
+			{
+				Name:      "frobbly",
+				UsageText: "this is usage text",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	output := &bytes.Buffer{}
+	app.Writer = output
+
+	app.Run([]string{"foo", "frobbly", "--help"})
+
+	if !strings.Contains(output.String(), "this is usage text") {
+		t.Errorf("expected output to include usage text; got: %q", output.String())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestShowSubcommandHelp_SubcommandUsageText(t *testing.T) {
+	app := &App{
+		Commands: []Command{
+			{
+				Name: "frobbly",
+				Subcommands: []Command{
+					{
+						Name:      "bobbly",
+						UsageText: "this is usage text",
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	output := &bytes.Buffer{}
+	app.Writer = output
+	app.Run([]string{"foo", "frobbly", "bobbly", "--help"})
+
+	if !strings.Contains(output.String(), "this is usage text") {
+		t.Errorf("expected output to include usage text; got: %q", output.String())
+	}
+}
+
 func TestShowAppHelp_HiddenCommand(t *testing.T) {
 	app := &App{
 		Commands: []*Command{
@@ -286,3 +374,78 @@ func TestShowAppHelp_HiddenCommand(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("expected output to include \"frobbly\"; got: %q", output.String())
 	}
 }
+
+func TestShowAppHelp_CustomAppTemplate(t *testing.T) {
+	app := &App{
+		Commands: []Command{
+			{
+				Name: "frobbly",
+				Action: func(ctx *Context) error {
+					return nil
+				},
+			},
+			{
+				Name:   "secretfrob",
+				Hidden: true,
+				Action: func(ctx *Context) error {
+					return nil
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		ExtraInfo: func() map[string]string {
+			platform := fmt.Sprintf("OS: %s | Arch: %s", runtime.GOOS, runtime.GOARCH)
+			goruntime := fmt.Sprintf("Version: %s | CPUs: %d", runtime.Version(), runtime.NumCPU())
+			return map[string]string{
+				"PLATFORM": platform,
+				"RUNTIME":  goruntime,
+			}
+		},
+		CustomAppHelpTemplate: `NAME:
+  {{.Name}} - {{.Usage}}
+
+USAGE:
+  {{.Name}} {{if .VisibleFlags}}[FLAGS] {{end}}COMMAND{{if .VisibleFlags}} [COMMAND FLAGS | -h]{{end}} [ARGUMENTS...]
+
+COMMANDS:
+  {{range .VisibleCommands}}{{join .Names ", "}}{{ "\t" }}{{.Usage}}
+  {{end}}{{if .VisibleFlags}}
+GLOBAL FLAGS:
+  {{range .VisibleFlags}}{{.}}
+  {{end}}{{end}}
+VERSION:
+  2.0.0
+{{"\n"}}{{range $key, $value := ExtraInfo}}
+{{$key}}:
+  {{$value}}
+{{end}}`,
+	}
+
+	output := &bytes.Buffer{}
+	app.Writer = output
+	app.Run([]string{"app", "--help"})
+
+	if strings.Contains(output.String(), "secretfrob") {
+		t.Errorf("expected output to exclude \"secretfrob\"; got: %q", output.String())
+	}
+
+	if !strings.Contains(output.String(), "frobbly") {
+		t.Errorf("expected output to include \"frobbly\"; got: %q", output.String())
+	}
+
+	if !strings.Contains(output.String(), "PLATFORM:") ||
+		!strings.Contains(output.String(), "OS:") ||
+		!strings.Contains(output.String(), "Arch:") {
+		t.Errorf("expected output to include \"PLATFORM:, OS: and Arch:\"; got: %q", output.String())
+	}
+
+	if !strings.Contains(output.String(), "RUNTIME:") ||
+		!strings.Contains(output.String(), "Version:") ||
+		!strings.Contains(output.String(), "CPUs:") {
+		t.Errorf("expected output to include \"RUNTIME:, Version: and CPUs:\"; got: %q", output.String())
+	}
+
+	if !strings.Contains(output.String(), "VERSION:") ||
+		!strings.Contains(output.String(), "2.0.0") {
+		t.Errorf("expected output to include \"VERSION:, 2.0.0\"; got: %q", output.String())
+	}
+}

helpers_unix_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// +build darwin dragonfly freebsd linux netbsd openbsd solaris
+
+package cli
+
+import "os"
+
+func clearenv() {
+	os.Clearenv()
+}

helpers_windows_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+package cli
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"syscall"
+)
+
+// os.Clearenv() doesn't actually unset variables on Windows
+// See: https://github.com/golang/go/issues/17902
+func clearenv() {
+	for _, s := range os.Environ() {
+		for j := 1; j < len(s); j++ {
+			if s[j] == '=' {
+				keyp, _ := syscall.UTF16PtrFromString(s[0:j])
+				syscall.SetEnvironmentVariable(keyp, nil)
+				break
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}